Commentary: Nearly two decades after the native jaguar was granted full protection under the Endangered Species Act (ESA), the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) released the draft recovery plan today for the endangered jaguar.
Rob Peters, senior Southwestern representative for Defenders of Wildlife, issued the following statement:
“The draft recovery plan for the endangered jaguar has been far too long in the making and is too weak for a species that has been racing extinction in the U.S. for decades. While the draft plan rightly stresses protecting the Mexican population, which is essential to establishing breeding jaguars here, the plan does not have a clear strategy for bringing back a breeding population in the United States.
“The draft plan rules out translocating jaguars into the U.S., and the area allotted for recovery is much too small, covering only a fraction of the big cat’s historic range. This one-two punch makes jaguar recovery in the U.S. unlikely.
“The Fish and Wildlife Service must be a champion for jaguars. It should use the best available science to identify all suitable habitat for jaguar recovery in the U.S. The agency should also seriously consider translocating jaguars here. That will give the big cats of the Southwest a real chance at recovery and beating the clock on extinction.”
Background
In Teddy Roosevelt’s day jaguars roamed across most of Arizona to the rim of the Grand Canyon, into southwestern New Mexico’s Gila wilderness and over the Río Grande into the Big Bend of Texas. Over the past two centuries, jaguars have been eliminated from more than half of their historic range, which spans the U.S. Southwest and Central and South America.
While most of the jaguars remaining today are found in the Amazon and other tropic zones, the jaguar is native to parts of the Southwestern U.S. and has been listed as endangered in the U.S. under the ESA since 1997.
On Nov. 19, 2011 a jaguar known around the world as El Jefe (“The Boss” in Spanish) was found roaming the wilds of southern Arizona. A video of El Jefe surfaced in 2016 and went viral. On Dec. 14, 2016 Arizona Fish and Game Department confirmed that at new male jaguar is roaming in a southern Arizona mountain range.
Jaguar Recovery and Critical Habitat
Citizen lawsuits forced FWS to grant the jaguar full protections under the ESA, to designate critical habitat and to develop the draft recovery plan released today.
Defenders of Wildlife has been involved in jaguar recovery for over 20 years, protecting critical habitat for jaguars from damaging mining projects. In response to Defenders’ 2008 joint lawsuit FWS finalized protection in 2014 for 764,207 acres of habitat for endangered jaguars in southern Arizona and New Mexico.
Modelling done for the habitat subcommittee of the original Interagency Jaguar Conservation Team, which included Defenders, previously identified large amounts of potential habitat in Arizona and New Mexico. Main prey species (e.g., deer and javelina) are much more abundant here than they were 100 years ago. The newly-released recovery plan sets the northern boundary for the jaguar recovery area artificially at Interstate 10, excluding substantial suitable habitat from critical jaguar recovery efforts.
In early 2017, Defenders will be publishing a report with our recommendations for jaguar recovery in the U.S.
Jaguar Migration and Translocation
A few U.S. jaguars have been found in what the FWS designates as the Borderlands Secondary Area, which includes parts of the Southwestern U.S. and northern Sonora. These regions are in the northern part of the jaguar’s Northwestern Recovery Unit, which runs from Arizona south along the Sierra Madre Occidental mountain ranges through the Mexican states of Sinaloa, Sonora and Jalisco.
Sonora and Jalisco contain two “core areas” for jaguars, where the big cats are relatively numerous and secure provided that poaching does not increase significantly. A 2013 preliminary population viability analysis for FWS’ draft recovery plan considers the current jaguar population in the Sonora core area large enough to send dispersers north.
While recent solitary, male jaguar sightings are signs that northward dispersers could establish a breeding population in the U.S., female jaguars may never reach the U.S. on their own. They typically do not disperse long distances like males. In this case, a breeding population in the U.S. may depend on reintroducing females. Translocation could help establish both females and males when dispersal is cut off by major highways or further development of the border wall.
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Defenders of Wildlife is dedicated to the protection of all native animals and plants in their natural communities. With more than 1.2 million members and activists, Defenders of Wildlife is a leading advocate for innovative solutions to safeguard our wildlife heritage for generations to come. For more information, visit www.defenders.org and follow us on Twitter @DefendersNews.
Commentary from the Center for Biological Diversity:
SILVER CITY, N.M.— Just weeks after the news broke of a new jaguar in the United States, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service today released a draft jaguar recovery plan that puts the onus of recovery of northern jaguars entirely on Mexico. The plan’s criteria for recovery and removal of the jaguar from the “endangered” list could be met without any jaguars occupying any of their vast historic range in the United States.
This month a young, male jaguar was photographed in the Huachuca Mountains of southern Arizona. From 2011 until last year, a mature male jaguar known as “El Jefe” was repeatedly photographed in and around the Santa Rita Mountains southeast of Tucson. Another jaguar called “Macho B” was photographed repeatedly from 1996 until he was killed by the Arizona Department of Game and Fish as a result of a botched capture operation in 2009.
“Jaguars are making their presence known in the southwestern United States so it’s disappointing to see the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service put the focus of jaguar recovery solely in Mexico,” said Michael Robinson of the Center for Biological Diversity. “By excluding the best remaining unoccupied jaguar habitat, this plan aims too low to make a difference in saving the jaguar. It’s an extinction plan, not a recovery plan.”
The draft plan, which the Service reluctantly wrote after its 2009 loss in a lawsuit filed by the Center and Defenders of Wildlife, assumes without evidence that 300 jaguars live in Sonora, Mexico — a more optimistic starting point than the Service’s 2012 citation of studies pointing to a maximum of 271 jaguars in the province and possibly as few as 50.
Since 2013 conservationists monitoring the northernmost breeding jaguars in Sonora, via automatic cameras, saw a poaching loss of six of the area’s eight individually identified jaguars, leaving just two known alive. The remainder of the population is less closely monitored but equally at risk.
Jaguars are primarily killed by ranchers who use pesticides imported from the United States to poison the carcasses of collared peccary, or javelinas, which are among the jaguars’ natural prey animals.
“While the plan, importantly, outlines measures that Mexican authorities can take in protecting jaguars, that’s simply not enough,” said Robinson. “Leaving the vast Gila National Forest and Mogollon Plateau off the table leaves the jaguars in Sonora effectively stranded, likely cut off from jaguars farther south and with no genetic rescue on the way from reintroduction to the north.”
The draft recovery plan’s overly optimistic assumption that 300 jaguars inhabit Sonora underpins the Service’s laissez-faire approach to jaguars in the United States, where no measures will be taken to restore these apex predators.
This month a young, male jaguar was photographed in the Huachuca Mountains of southern Arizona. From 2011 until last year, a mature male jaguar known as “El Jefe” was repeatedly photographed in and around the Santa Rita Mountains southeast of Tucson. Another jaguar called “Macho B” was photographed repeatedly from 1996 until he was killed by the Arizona Department of Game and Fish as a result of a botched capture operation in 2009.
The last known female jaguar in the United States was shot by a hunter in 1963 in the Apache National Forest on the Mogollon Plateau in Arizona, in an area where Mexican gray wolves have since been reintroduced.
The draft recovery plan also estimates that Sonora has habitat sufficient to support 1,166 jaguars — an order of magnitude higher than the most recent previous estimate that the province could support just 172 jaguars. Raising the so-called carrying capacity also justifies ignoring the high-quality but unoccupied jaguar habitat in the Gila National Forest and Mogollon Plateau in the U.S. Southwest.
The draft plan divides the jaguar’s vast range in South, Central and North America into two zones — a Pan-America Recovery Unit and a Northwestern Recovery Unit — and leaves the question of how to protect jaguars in the former unit to another day. The plan also ignores the plight of another, isolated jaguar population in northeastern Mexico south of Texas. As for the Northwestern Recovery Unit, comprising the area from Jalisco, Mexico northward to Interstate 10 in southeastern Arizona and southwestern New Mexico, it divides this region into primary and secondary zones, the former consisting of the area in which jaguars currently live and breed and the latter the area farther to the north, including part of the United States, in which jaguars are known to inhabit but not reproduce during the past 50 years.
Conservation actions are prescribed for the primary area, with little attention to the secondary area. Moreover, a so-called “peripheral area” farther north includes the highest-quality jaguar habitat remaining in the U.S. — on the Mogollon Plateau in Arizona and the Gila National Forest in New Mexico — a region dismissed from consideration for recovery.
Background
In 2014, in response to a lawsuit by the Center for Biological Diversity, the Fish and Wildlife Service designated 764,207 acres of “critical habitat” to conserve jaguars in southern Arizona and New Mexico. The designation prohibits federal actions that would harm the habitat, and will be at issue in upcoming Center litigation over the Service’s approval of an open-pit copper mine in the Santa Rita Mountains, part of the critical habitat, where the jaguar El Jefe has been photographed.
The jaguar was placed on the U.S. endangered species list in 1997 in response to a previous Center lawsuit.
Jaguars evolved in North America thousands of years before colonizing Central and South America. Their fossil remains have been found from as far afield as Nebraska and Maryland; depictions in American Indian art and stories range throughout the South and Midwest; and European explorers and later Americans wrote of their jaguar encounters in states that ranged from California to the Carolinas.
The Center for Biological Diversity is a national, nonprofit conservation organization with more than 1.1 million members and online activists dedicated to the protection of endangered species and wild places.